Objective: Cryptosporidium parvum is a common protozoan pathogen with worldwide distribution. It localizes on the intestinal cells and prolonged diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and the clinical features of enteric cryptosporidiosis in pediatric patients with LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional study stool samples were collected from 100 children (67 boys, 33girls) with LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES who underwent chemotherapy between the ages of 6 months and 17 years (mean age 7.5 years). All of the specimens were examined for the oocysts of C. parvum by modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) staining technique and coproantigens of C. parvum by ELISA. Findings: Cryptosporidium infection was detected in 22 patients. 16 (72.7%) of the infected patients were male and 6 (27.3) female. 7 (31.8%) patients were <5 years, 8 (36.4%) 5-10 years and 7(31.8) >10 years old. Parasites were detected in 19/85 (86.4%) patients with ALL, 2 of 5 (9.1%) with AML, and 1 of 10 (4.5%) with NHL. Clinical symptoms were found in 11 (50%) of the patients. We found longer duration of chemotherapy in patients who were positive for cryptosporidium infection (Mean=2067 days) in comparison to negative group (Mean=258.5 days) (ANOVA, f=2.82, P=0.04).Conclusion: The incidence of cryptosporidium infection was 22% among pediatric patients with LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. We recommend evaluation of these patients with at least two different diagnostic methods in order to prevent possible life threatening outcomes.

Background: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) occurs when intracellular contents are released into the bloodstream, either spontaneously or following anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This syndrome is characterized by hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and outcomes of TLS in pediatric LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study reviewed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES and hospitalized at Ali Ibn Abi Talib Hospital, Zahedan, between October 2014 and March 2019. Patients meeting the diagnostic criteria for TLS were identified, and their demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The study included 93 children with a mean age of 6.65 ± 4.42 years; 66 (71%) were male, and 27 (29%) were female. Fourteen patients (15.1%) were diagnosed with laboratory TLS, and 5 (5.4%) with clinical TLS. The highest incidence of laboratory TLS was observed in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (28.5% each). Among metabolic disturbances, hyperphosphatemia was the most common (33.3%), while hyperkalemia was the least common (8.6%). Overall, patients with TLS exhibited higher initial white blood cell (WBC) counts compared to non-TLS patients. Conclusions: This study revealed that laboratory TLS occurred in 15% of pediatric hematopoietic MALIGNANCIES, with more than 50% experiencing at least one metabolic disturbance. Prevention and timely intervention during treatment are crucial to reducing the occurrence of clinical TLS and improving patient outcomes.

The role of the tumor microenvironment (TME), especially immune cell compartments, in tumor progression is inevitable and the heterogeneity and complexity of the TME-associated immune cells make it challenging to provide appropriate treatments for hematologic MALIGNANCIES. 1 The reciprocal interactions between tumor and immune cells essentially regulate tumor cell survival and growth, invasion and metastasis, as well as drug resistance and tumor escape from the immune system. 2 Although accumulation of the different immune cell subsets, such as solid tumors, has been observed in hematologic MALIGNANCIES, hematologic MALIGNANCIES exploit various strategies to alter the immune cell compartments in the TME to avoid efficient recognition and subsequent eradication of malignant cells by the immune system, a dynamic process known as "cancer immunoediting". . .

The following article aims to provide contemporary information on therapeutic nuclear medicine. Neuroblastoma is the most common MALIGNANCIES among pediatric MALIGNANCIES. Pediatric extra cranial solid cancer characterized by meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) avidity in=>90% of patients. There exists approximately a 30-year experience with I-131-MIBG treatment. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are very rare neoplasms in the paediatric population accounting for<1% of all pediatric MALIGNANCIES. These neoplasms are characterized by the presence of neuroamine uptake mechanisms and/or peptide receptors at the cell membrane. These features constitute the basis of the clinical use of peptide receptor In radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. Patients with chemoresistant CNS acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) require carniospinal radiotherapy which is assossiated with major toxicities including growth and learning disorders in young children. Radioimmunotherapy with I131-labeled anti-CD10 and anti-CD19 mAbs administered intrathechally is associated with clearing of the cerebrospinal fluid lymphoblasts. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in children usually treated with chemotherapy and surgery. In palliative situations bone seeking radionuclide therapies (strontium-89 [Sr-89], rhenium-186 hydroxyethylene diphosphonate [Rh-186 HEDP] and Samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid [Sm-153-EDTMP]) may be offered to patients with painful metastatic osteosarcoma or in case of recurrent bone sites inaccessible to local therapies (surgery, external irradiation). Thyroid cancer is a rare childhood malignancy but is the most frequent tumor of endocrine glands in children and adolescents. Management includes radioiodine therapy, but there are some distinct differences in comparison to adult thyroid cancer management.